Miguel Arias Cañete’s remarks were timed to concentrate minds in the “many member states” seen to be lagging on national 2020 targets as leaders met to flesh out the Energy Union, a pro-renewables strategy designed to weave together individual energy markets across the bloc.

If not the carrot — the renewables industry recently passed the milestone of employing more than one million people in Europe and has a turnover of €130bn ($142bn) — then the stick.