The hike is necessary to finance the rising costs of the Energiewende – Germany’s transition from nuclear to renewable power – which according to calculations by the country’s four transmission system operators (TSO’s) next year alone will reach €23.98bn.

The TSO’s in a joint release say the expected output from renewables next year will rise by close to 11 terawatt hours to some 187 TWh, pushed higher mostly by onshore and offshore wind power.