Kazakhstan, which originally signed the treaty along with hundreds of others in 1998, has avoided officially ratifying it due to concerns about the protocol’s effect on its economy.
The US also signed up to the protocol in 1998 under then President Bill Clinton, but never managed to ratify it. In 2001 George W Bush pulled the US out altogether, claiming it gave huge economic advantages to countries such as India and China, which did not sign up.
Sceptics
