Turmoil in parts of the Middle East and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine have reignited concerns about fossil-fuel security and left the global energy system falling short of the expectations placed upon it, says the Paris-based organisation.

In its newly released World Energy Outlook 2014 report, the IEA for the first time provides a long-term insight to 2040, which it says “can help to ensure that the energy system is changed by design rather than just by events”.