Codexis’ main backer is Royal Dutch Shell, which buys most of its enzymes called biocatalysts, for use in conversion of agricultural residues into ethanol and other biofuels.

The company, based in Redwood City, California, says its biocatalysts replace costly high-energy chemical steps, creating and improving chemical processes.

The resulting processes are highly efficient, require relatively low energy inputs and generate minimal toxic byproducts, it says.