The only sound here, five metres under the waterline, is a light rumble of mechanical resonance as the turbine blades arc through the air far above.

The stillness inside the giant, flask-shaped structure, vacuum-sealed to the seabed, is evidence of its rock-solid stability. The Mono Bucket (MB) foundation, topped with a 3MW Vestas V90 turbine, has stoically weathered operations — in winds of up to 35 metres per second — at the harbour in Frederikshavn, northern Denmark, since 2002.

But