She warned that if the UK votes on 23 June to leave the EU, it could add £500m ($700m) a year to power bills and threaten the country’s long-term energy security.

“The UK’s membership of the EU has helped keep our energy bills down,” Rudd said, referring to an independent report by Vivid Economics, commissioned by the National Grid, which warns that “Brexit” would lead to higher costs of capital for new energy projects.