The landscape had changed for renewables too, as the ensuing public outcry and safety fears forced the government to begin shutting down the country’s 50 undamaged reactors.

Almost immediately, the energy-hungry country was struggling to meet its electricity demand and was soon importing a record amount of expensive natural gas. With little domestic fossil-fuel reserves of its own, aside from dirty coal, it was clear that an overhaul of the country’s energy policy was needed — and it was needed fast.

Tokyo